Kits sleep for considerable amounts of time, and sleep very soundly. Many an owner of a young ferret will think that there is something terribly wrong because they can’t get their ferret to wake up, or if they do he shakes uncontrollably. This is normal in a ferret, particularly in a kit. I’ve heard many stories of people rushing their limp, unconscious ferret kit to the vet, only to have him yawn and stretch as soon as they get into the office. I’ve come close to doing that more than a few times myself. It can be quite frightening even to an experience ferret owner.

The Ferret as an Adolescent - Just when you think you have all the training behind you, your ferret becomes an adolescent and forgets everything you’ve taught him. At least he seems that way. At about six months of age, the ferret begins to mature and develop his adult personality. Like a human adolescent, this is a time for testing boundaries. Just be firm and consistent. Provide play and love in large measures. Be patient. It only lasts a few months.

Adulthood - The ferret reaches adulthood by one year of age. By then you will   probably notice a change in his personality. Although still very playful, he will begin to seek you out and "ask" to be picked up and held. He will actively seek your approval and take an interest in things you are doing. Most owners of adult ferrets are well aware of "weasel help" when it comes to sweeping or mopping the floor, or doing a little home repair. He will enjoy going on "outings" with you, sometimes even uninvited. One of ours, Valentine, decided to hide in my wife’s purse after we told her that she couldn’t go shopping with us. After we were a mile down the road, Valentine popped her head out and looked around as if to ask, "Are we there yet?" Many knowledgeable people recommend that  first-time ferret owners consider the adult ferret as their first choice.

Old Age - The ferret, barring an accident or early onset of cancer, will typically live to be six - eight years old. Twelve year old ferrets are not uncommon, with some reported living to the ripe old age of 15. Although the ferret may sleep more as he gets older, he will continue his kitten-like behavior for his entire life.  After the age of three, an annual physical exam is a good idea. Some vets recommend a blood test just to make sure that problems are caught early. Others feel that he trauma of drawing blood (which often involves putting the ferret under anesthesia) is just not worth what might be gained. Once your ferret reaches this age you may want to discuss the pros and cons with your vet. You should realize, however, that by the time the ferret reaches six years of age, nearly half of them may have undergone at least one major surgery.

6

A mature ferret, upon reaching four years of age, may require less protein in his diet. Some owners and vets recommend a switch to a high quality, adult, ferret food, rather than the regular formula. At least one manufacturer of a premium ferret food (Totally Ferret) has an "adult" formulation of their product. The lower protein is said to be easier on their kidneys. Again, this is a good topic to discuss with your vet for your particular ferret’s age and health.

General Behavior - Regardless of age, you will find that your ferret is a hyper-energetic little bundle of fur. Ferrets are constantly into everything. If this is your first ferret, one of the things you will probably observe in the first day or two is the "ferret-dance of joy" or sometimes called the "ferret war dance." They will hop about like they have springs on their feet, back arched, mouth wide open, head swinging back and forth, sometimes making a hissing or chirping sound, sometimes banging into walls and furniture. This has panicked many new owners who are unfamiliar with this "call to play."   "What’s wrong with my ferret? Is he sick?" Don’t worry. It just means that your ferret is happy and is having a great time.

An almost universal pose, is the "flat-ferret." Here, the ferret gets as close to the ground and as flat as possible, usually right in front of you. (He looks like a miniature "speed-bump.") He’s almost saying, "Gee, look how pitiful I am. How can you not hold me? Please pick me up." Ignore this and he might even come up and tap you on the leg or foot to get your attention, before going back to the flat-ferret pose.

The flat ferret pose, though, sometimes means "I’m invisible. You can’t see me." This is often used when sneaking up on something or someone. The problem is that it’s difficult to tell when he wants attention, or wants to be invisible. Ignore a ferret asking for attention risks disappointing the ferret; picking up an "invisible" ferret risks ruining his game. I usually just pick them up. I’ve found that when they’re trying to be invisible, it just means that they are about to get into trouble anyway.  [If it seems that your ferret is doing the "flat ferret" much more than usual, you might want to take him to a vet for a check up. It could be just fatigue or it could be an early sign of illness.]

Ferrets are very clever and their front paws are great at manipulating objects. They can open cabinet doors and drawers, so be careful where you leave your caustic cleaning materials. Child-proof locks are not necessarily ferret-proof locks. Ferrets are also ingenious at figuring out paths to things that are "up out of reach." They can even open zippers and unscrew bottle tops that are not on too tight. When we first opened our shelter, we had a newspaper reporter come out to interview us and take some photographs. After taking a few shots, he sat his camera bag on the floor. I warned him that he might lose a camera or two. He just laughed and said "Don’t worry. The bag is zippered shut." About five minutes later, I noticed one of his camera moving across the floor toward the main ferret hiddy-hole. It was a Nikon. At least the ferret had good tastes in cameras.

7

Ours have figured out that if they open the bottom drawer of the kitchen cabinet and crawl to the back, they can climb up the back of all of the drawers, push the top drawer open from the inside and get to the counter top. I’ve also watched one of ours trying to get into a tall, plastic trash container. Unable to climb up the slippery sides of the container, he simply pushed the container over to his 6-foot tall cage, climbed up the cage and hopped in the trash. (Unfortunately he didn’t think about how he was going to get out again.)  If you’re going to own a ferret, you have to have a great sense of humor.

VACCINATION REQUIREMENTS
The ferret is extremely susceptible to canine distemper. In the ferret, distemper is considered 100% fatal. The disease can be spread by direct contact with infected animals or by indirect contact. It can be carried in the air, brought in on clothes, shoes and the skin. Fortunately, it is easily prevented through annual vaccination with an approved canine distemper vaccine. Vaccinations against feline distemper and canine Parvo are neither necessary nor recommended.

Make sure that your vet understands that a vaccine made with ferret tissue cannot be used. This may cause the disease in the ferret. Presently there is only one vaccine, FERVAC, approved by the USDA for use in the domestic ferret. Some shelters, and owners use GALAXY-D (formerly FROMM-D) but this has not been proven effective in ferrets. Vaccination of the ferret against canine distemper is to save the ferret from the disease. Most pet store ferrets will have received the initial vaccination from the breeder at about 6-8 weeks of age. Some pet stores promote this initial vaccination as "the ferret has had all of it’s vaccinations." This is definitely NOT true. A booster is required by 11 weeks of age, and another at about 14 weeks of age. There is a general agreement that the ferret be re-vaccinated every year after that. Ferrets brought to ferret shows are required to show proof of vaccination against canine distemper within the past 12 months. If a ferret has an unknown history of vaccinations, vets recommend a series of two vaccinations, spaced about four weeks apart just to make sure that the ferret is protected against this painful and fatal disease.

Ferrets also should be inoculated against rabies. The only current USDA approved vaccine is IMRAB-3, a killed virus vaccine. This should be the only vaccine used since it is the only one recognized by the Government. Vaccination is recommended after 14 weeks of   age and annually after that. Ask the veterinarian for a certificate of vaccination. Make sure that the certificate states that IMRAB-3 has been used.

The canine distemper and rabies vaccine should not be administered in the same day. A two to three week period between these vaccinations is recommended. Allergic reactions to the vaccines sometimes (although rarely) occur. Such a reaction is life-threatening. Always remain at the veterinarian’s office for at least 30 minutes, or longer, after the vaccination to make sure that your ferret does not develop such a reaction - characterized by diarrhea, retching and/or vomiting, possibly followed by a rapid drop in body temperature, shock and death.

8

On the other hand, sometimes the reaction results in the ferret’s skin becoming bright red; the hair on the tail "poofs" out; the ferret begins to have difficulty breathing. In either case, death can occur rapidly without prompt, knowledgeable treatment. (We have found that pretreating the ferret with 0.5 to 1 cc of pediatric Benadryl, orally, about 30 minutes before the vaccination reduces the chances of a severe allergic reaction. Check with your vet for the recommended dosage for your ferret. It is no guarantee, however, so stay in the vet’s office the full 30 minutes.)

Sometimes the reaction to the vaccine may occur several hours after the vaccination, so be sure to keep an eye on your ferret. Mild lethargy for a couple of days after a vaccination is normal. What you want to watch for is vomiting, severe diarrhea, especially black or bloody diarrhea. My wife and I usually plan vaccinations for days where one of us can stay home with the ferret to make sure that there are no problems.

Use of live-virus rabies vaccines risks giving the ferret rabies, and will not be recognized by public health authorities, should a bite occur. In that case the ferret will likely be sacrificed for an analysis of the brain tissue. Rabies in ferrets is quite rare. Since 1958 less than 25 cases have been reported in the entire United States. Some cases are believed due to the use of modified live virus rabies vaccines that actually gave the ferret the disease. There has never been a case reported of a ferret transmitting rabies to a human or another animal. Annual vaccinations against rabies will effectively prevent your ferret from contracting the disease should he ever get outside. Now, most states follow the Compendium of Animal Rabies Control (1998 or 1999) and will treat a ferret that bites a human, the same as they do with dogs and cats - a ten-day observation period, after which, if the ferret remains healthy, he will be released from quarantine. Not all states, or communities within the state recognize this procedure, so always check with your local animal control or public health office for the latest local regulations.

TRAINING
Litterbox - Litterbox training is one of the first items on most new owner’s agenda. If the kit was kept in a confined area where a litterbox was always available, chances are that he at least knows what a litterbox is for. The idea of a confined area with a litterbox is a good beginning regardless of the age of the ferret. Just remember, "Ferrets are not for the fastidious."

The first day home, the ferret should be confined to a small area - preferably to his cage - while he gets used to the sights, sounds and smells of his new surrounding. The ferret is a "clean" animal. He will relieve himself well away from his source of food and his sleeping area. Keep a close eye on your new pet. If you see him using the litterbox for its intended purpose, lavishly praise him and give him a drop of diluted Ferretone as a reward. If he begins to relieve himself elsewhere, shout a loud "NO!" pick him up and place him in the litterbox. Make sure he finishes there; praise him and give him the Ferretone treat. After that first day or so, give him the freedom of a small room.

9

You may have noticed that the ferret always uses a corner of the litterbox. In the room he will also tend to use corners. Place litterboxes in strategic corners of the room. It's also a good idea to place strips of plastic carpet runner, newspapers or vinyl flooring samples under each of the litterboxes to protect carpets from accidents. It may also be a good idea to place the runners in corners where there is no litterbox. Again repeat the close-observations-and-reward when your ferret uses the litterbox, or the shout-and-carry when he does not.

Most ferrets very quickly learn that they get a treat when they go to the litterbox. After   a while they may frequently run there and pretend to relieve themselves just to get the reward. They are great actors and actresses. When the ferret is using the litterbox regularly, you can expand his territory.

Repeat this gradually until he has the run of your home (or at least those areas where you are willing to allow him to roam). Litterboxes will usually be required in each room, however. The ferret is very careful about protecting his food and bedding from his waste-products. Outside of those areas, he really doesn’t see the reason for the fuss. If a litterbox is available and they can get to it in time, they figure, "Great!" If they can’t, "Hey, my food is way over there, and my bedding is way down there. What’s the problem?" You can use this to your advantage by placing part of his bedding or a dish of his food in the corner you don’t want him to use and you don’t want to put a litterbox. Chances are good that he won’t use that area as long as the bedding or food dish is present.

If the extended freedom proves too much for his litter-training program, reduce the area and try again. Very few ferrets will be 100% "accurate," 100% of the time. Most ferret owners would be overjoyed with even 85%. One new owner asked me "How can I keep my ferret from going to the bathroom on my kitchen linoleum?" My answer, "Take up the linoleum!"

"Accidents do happen." Ferrets often find places to relieve themselves through smell. If they went there once, they’ll probably continue to use that spot. You can reduce that likelihood, either by giving up and putting a litterbox there; or by a thorough cleaning with a good cleaner or a mixture of 1/4 white vinegar and 3/4 club soda. Some of the enzyme based cleaners made for pet stains also work well. Don’t use a cleaner with ammonia.

Urine contains ammonia and the smell of the ammonia in the cleaner will send the wrong message. A ferret will not use a litterbox he considers too dirty. Clean the box on a regular basis, but not too clean. Leave a small bit of waste, or a little soiled litter. Otherwise they may think that you got them a new sandbox, and will have a GREAT time digging in it and throwing the litter everywhere.

Having said all of that, I usually console myself with the thought that, at least ferret   waste: has very little odor; has very low moisture content; and is easily picked up after it dries.

10

While on the subject of cleaning the litterbox - a warning on using cleaners   containing phenylphenol (Lysol™ and others) - either spray or liquid. This chemical disinfectant, is believed to be very toxic to ferrets. If you disinfect the litterbox with such a cleaner, rinse and air-dry thoroughly before allowing your ferret to use it again. Don’t spray it near the ferret or allow the ferret to walk on the floor of the area where it was used until the floor has been thoroughly washed and rinsed and dried.

Biting - Puppies bite, kittens bite, children bite. For some reason many people think that a bite by a ferret kit is a sign that it is a "wild, vicious, animal." In the kit, biting is usually a part of his normal play activities. If you’ve ever watched a group of kits playing, you’ve probably wondered how they can keep from hurting one another. The answer is an unusually tough skin. Ever try to vaccinate one? The term "shoe leather" comes to mind. Biting from the older ferret is rare compared to the dog or cat, and is often a sign of either an untrained or an abused animal. Even these older animals will quickly respond to kindness, firmness, consistency, and genuine affection. Should he nip a little too hard, a firm "NO!" will let him know that he has done wrong; especially if this is accompanied by "scruffing" i.e., holding the ferret up by the loose skin on the back of the neck and giving him a light, firm (not violent) shake. Afterwards, continue to hold him and talk soothingly. If he behaves, perhaps a taste of Ferretone will help reinforce his good behavior.

One of the most common behavioral problems I see at our shelter is the result of the former owner putting the ferret on the floor as soon as he nips. The ferret very quickly gets the idea "Oh, so this is how I’m supposed to ask to be set down?" So if he doesn’t get set down after the first nip, he "shouts" a little louder. I use the scruff, shake and hold technique until he learns that a nip is not the way to ask to be set down. In fact, I usually hold the ferret until he goes docile and gives a big sigh of resignation. Some people claim to have had good results in training ferrets not to nip by "flicking" them lightly on the bridge of the nose with their finger. It does indeed work for some ferrets in some situations. I have, however, seen this cause significant problems with many ferrets. It may actually result in a real hate-hate relationship forming between the two of  you, and that is exactly what you don’t want.

If the scruffing approach fails, one good anti-nipping training aid is Bitter Apple (or Orange, or Lemon) - available in most pet stores, usually used to keep animals from licking their fur. Spray your hands and fingers, then offer it to the ferret to "taste." They think that this is the worst tasting stuff, ever! Spray your hands before you pick him up, or in the type of situation where the nipping usually occurs. It doesn’t take long for the ferret to learn that you don’t taste good. Never spray it in the ferret’s face, and never put it directly in the mouth.

11

Whatever training approach you use, remember to hold him and love him after the punishment. Rewarding good behavior is always preferable to  punishing bad behavior, and teaching him that you love him is, after all, the most important lesson. Ferrets love socks, especially white ones, with or without feet in them. Wearing white  socks without shoes is an invitation for a ferret to try to steal your socks, feet and all. Some people discourage this behavior using the nip training techniques described above. Our ferrets trained us to always wear shoes over our socks when the ferrets are up and about.

My sister-in-law visited a couple years ago. The next morning we heard faint calls for   help coming from the stairway. Our crew had run up to greet our houseguest and found her wearing white socks; clearly an invitation to play "Let’s get the socks." Joan called up to her, "I warned you about white socks in this house." Sister-in-law retired to the bedroom and returned a couple minutes later wearing red socks. End of game.

There is "ferret play" and there is "human play." The idea is to teach the ferret when each is appropriate. One of the most important lessons to teach your ferret is "pickup is not  playtime." When you pick up your ferret to hold, never roughhouse or invite play. This must be a signal of "quiet-time"; a time for hugs and petting. Most people express amazement when they see how quietly my ferrets will lie in my arms. "My ferrets want down the minute I pick them up," is a comment I usually hear from them. "How do you do it? Once you pick your ferret up, keep holding him on your terms.

No matter how much he may want down, no matter how much he squirms and wriggles, keep holding him until you are ready to put him down. Once he settles down (usually with a big sigh of resignation), give him a reward of diluted Ferretone. He will get the idea. Soon you will have a ferret that loves to be held and cuddled. If you decide to Ferret-play, choose your terms. If it's going to be a very rough and tumble play, I’d suggest you use a thick "puppet" (stuffed animal or similar) that your ferret can readily chomp without fear of hurting you. If it's going to be a more subdued play (human-play) don’t get too rough and confuse the ferret. Stick to tummy tickles and a little fur roughing, or tug-of-war. They are smart and will quickly learn the difference.

Digging - Ferrets love to dig. Potted plants make great ferret fun-digs, not to mention "salad" out of your plants. You might try: - Putting your plants out of reach (good luck since ferrets are great climbers); - Putting medium-sized (3-6 inch) rocks on top of the dirt; - Cutting linoleum or wire mesh to fit around the stem and inside the pot and covering that with stones; - Giving up and buying plastic plants (this is the route we took after trying all the above).

12

A friend of ours tried to protect her prize plant by putting a bell on the ferret’s collar so she could tell if the ferret was in the living room with her plant. Like any good ferret, she soon learned to slip the collar, and in her "stealth" mode, dig to her heart content. Undaunted, our friend put the bell on the plant. Since the plant normally didn’t do much walking on its own, she knew when she heard the bell that her ferret was busily trying to inspect the roots.

Your ferret will quickly discover that there are "things" to see and do behind every closed door, and he will try his best to get in "there." If you have carpet under the door they will try tunneling under the door. Of course this requires going through the carpet first. Plastic runners (available in carpet stores and some building supply stores) work well. Cut these about 6 inches wider than the doorway; notch the middle of the sides such that it fits between the door jams (sort of a wide, sideways figure "H." I’d recommend tacking it in place so that your ferret can’t crawl under and start a tunnel from there. Another, more "formal" approach is to use oak thresholds cut and nailed firmly in place. These look good and are too hard for the ferret to dig through.

GROOMING
Bathing - We are often asked "What can I do to keep the odor under control? We bathe him every week." Even altered ferrets will have a slight musky odor. Frequent bathing, however, is not recommended and will actually stimulate the production of a strong musky scent. We bathe ours about once every four to six months - unless they have gotten into something (again) and a bath is the only way to get them clean. (We once were surprised to find ourselves the proud owners of a Red-Eyed Black ferret - our albino had gotten into the fireplace ashes. Our first "Black-Eyed White" was a former silver mitt who had gotten in the powdered sugar.) Sometimes young kits will require more frequent bathing then older ferrets, until their body learns to regulate itself. Changing the bedding on a regular basis (at least once a week) will do more to cut down on ferret "body-odor" than just about anything else.

I’d recommend a good ferret shampoo for normal bathing. We’ve occasionally used a "no-tears" baby shampoo for really wriggly ferrets so as to keep the shampoo from hurting their eyes. If you have to use a flea shampoo, use only kitten-safe shampoo. A normal dog or cat flea shampoo may poison the ferret. Never use a flea collar or flea powder or flea dip.

The bath and rinse water should be warm. A ferret’s body temperature is about 4 degrees higher than a human’s. What is lukewarm to you, is cold to the ferret. A double basin sink works well. Fill one side with a few inches of warm water, and use the other side for the wash operation. If you don’t have a double basin, a plastic dish pan will work almost as well. Fill the basins before you put the ferret into it. The running water may frighten the ferret.

13

Wet the ferret and apply the shampoo. Work into a lather - don’t forget the head (careful of the eyes) and tail, and under the legs. Gently dip the ferret in the rinse water and rinse thoroughly. A sink sprayer sometimes works, but frightens some ferrets. Repeat. A few drops of a moisturizer such as Avon’s Skin-So-Soft oil added to the final rinse water will help prevent dry skin. Or, if you prefer, a Skin-So-Soft oil and water mixture can be sprayed on from a pump-bottle and rubbed in thoroughly after the final rinse.

If you are using a kitten-safe flea shampoo, start at the neck to prevent the fleas from migrating from the body upward. Be very careful around the eyes. Shampoo in the eyes may make future bathing very difficult, so be careful. Ferrets are fast learners and may learn from one experience that bath time means hurting time.

Have plenty of towels handy. Rub the fur reasonably dry then put your ferret on the floor. Give him a dry towel, and he will finish the job. It might be a good idea to remove the litterboxes for a while, because the wet ferret will use not only the towel but almost everything else to dry itself and litter makes a messy drying tool. Some ferrets absolutely love a bath; most will tolerate it; a few will go bonkers at the mere thought of a bath. If you happen to have one of the rare latter ones, dry powder shampoos are available, but they don’t really do well in cleaning syrup or peanut butter out of the fur. Amazingly enough, these same ferrets who go bonkers in the sink may want to jump in the tub or shower with you. If that’s the case and you’re up to it, carry in the ferret shampoo along with your own.

Shedding - The ferret usually sheds their coat twice a year - in the late winter or early spring; and in the late summer or early fall. They will groom themselves fairly well so daily brushing is not necessary, but is helpful. During their self-grooming, they may ingest significant amounts of hair causing upset stomachs and even intestinal blockages. A little bit of a hairball remedy paste (about 1/2 inch or so), such as made for cats, may be given daily or every other day through the shedding period to help prevent the blockage. I like to give a dose of the hairball remedy at least once a week in between shedding periods. Most ferrets prefer the "malt" flavors. If you suspect a blockage, contact a vet immediately. (See the section on intestinal blockages for symptoms.) Substances such as Ferretone or vegetable oils will not break up hairballs.

Toenails - Toenails will have to be trimmed about once a week, or once every other week. If you don’t, the nails will grow to painful length and the vein in the nail will expand and make future trimming difficult. The front nails usually have to be trimmed more frequently than the rear ones. Use a regular human-type toenail clipper. Make sure it is sharp. Otherwise, it may cause the nail to split. The dog/cat type will work but are more difficult to use and also tend to split the nail. Clip the nails such that the flat portion of the trimmed nail will be parallel to the floor when the ferret is walking. A couple quick strokes with an emery board to round off the edges of the nail after clipping will also prevent splitting and will make the nail smoother and less likely to snag on things.

14

Getting their toenails clipped does not exactly top the ferret’s most-fun list. They will wriggle and squirm and twist and pull. For this reason some ferret owners wait until their pet is asleep and get one paw at a time. A much easier way is to lay the ferret on your lap with his head up and his back toward you; place a few drops of Ferretone on his stomach; show the ferret where it is; then while he is busy licking, you start clipping. You’ll find that the ferret sticks all four paws out while reaching for the Ferretone. That makes snipping all four paws a snap.

When you trim, look carefully for the dark vein in the nail. Be careful that you do not clip the vein. It is a good idea to have styptic powder handy just in case, because if you do clip into this vein, you will hit nerves, the ferret will scream, and the toe will bleed. The styptic powder will at least stop the bleeding. If you don’t have styptic powder, try corn starch, flour or even face soap.

Don’t even think about "de-clawing" a ferret. They need their nails like you need the ends of your fingers and toes. They need them for walking. They need them for grasping. A de-clawed ferret is a crippled ferret. Ear-Cleaning - The ferret’s ears will build up a reddish wax that should be removed about once a month. One of the best ways of cleaning the ears is to let the ferret do most of the work. Drop some ear cleaning solution (such as Chlorhexi-Derm Flush - available from your vet - or similar solution) deep into the ear and massage for a few moments. Then let the ferret shake. Most of the ear wax will be shaken out; what’s left on the surface can be cleaned out with a cotton swab.

If the wax is a dark gray and the ear has an unpleasant odor, it is likely that ear mites are present. If your eyesight is keen and you have a magnifying glass, you may be able to see the white mite if you rub the ear wax on a piece of dark paper. Look for a slowly moving white dot. It’s best to have your vet examine the ferret and make the diagnosis. Commercially available ear-mite medicine will work eventually, but your veterinarian has medications (in particular a very dilute solution of ivermectin) that will work much faster and with more positive results. Be sure to clean the ears thoroughly before using any of the ear mite medicines. Other causes of excessive wax and ear scratching are bacterial or fungus infections. This is why a vet should examine your ferret in the case of a possible infection, so that he can recommend the proper treatment.

Teeth Cleaning - Like human teeth, ferrets’ teeth will build up a layer of tarter which, left untreated, may lead to teeth and gum disease. If you feed your ferret a dry ferret food and keep the treats to a minimum, the rate of tarter buildup should be low. Eventually though, the teeth will take on a yellowish hue, sometimes with brown spots, and it will be time for a through cleaning.

15

Some people claim to have great success doing this at home. I’m not one of them. This I leave to the skilled hands of our veterinarian. There is no way I want to try to hold a squirming, wriggling, unhappy ferret while I attempt to scrape his teeth up under the gum line with a sharp dental tool. Our ferrets get their annual dental checkup along with their annual vaccinations; much easier on everyone.

The vet checks for cracked or broken teeth (especially canines) and for indications of a gum abscess and, of course, tarter buildup. The teeth should be scaled well up under the gum line where tartar may cause serious gum diseases. Such a deep cleaning is usually done under a general anesthetic. Our vet also polishes the teeth after he is done scaling them in order to seal the surface of the teeth against decay.

TOYS
The ferret is a "packrat." They will take anything that interests them and drag it off to their "hidy-hole" usually in/under a couch or bed or chair. This may include: socks (clean or dirty), foil, bottle caps, keys, hair brushes and combs, pencils and pens, jewelry, slippers, (my wife lost her flute - case and all - dragged under and up inside the couch), TV remote controls (ours is still missing); anything small enough for a determined ferret to drag off. Usually these will stay "hidden" and not constitute an every day "toy."

Ferrets seem to love toys that squeak. Normally these are made of vinyl rubber. The major problem with these toys is the ferret’s sharp teeth. Ferrets will, in very short order, puncture and tear the toy. The risk is high for ingestion of the pieces and possible intestinal blockage.

One possible approach to the ferret’s having his toy and not eating it too, is to put the toy in an old sock and tying a knot in the end of the sock to keep the toy in where it can’t be eaten. Not only does it protect the toy, but the sock becomes a toy all by itself. Other possibilities are squeak toys that are contained in lamb’s wool coverings. These are typical cat or dog toys. Inspect all toys periodically. If they appear to be eating it, it is time for a new toy.

A flexible dryer hose makes a great toy that will satisfy the ferret’s tunneling instincts.

These come in various lengths from about 4 feet to 50 feet or longer. Some are opaque white, and others are clear. With the clear dryer hose, you can watch the ferret at play, or, with two or more ferrets in the clear hose, watch the mock battles and tail wagging. Run a strip of duct tape around the edges to keep the sharp wire inside the hose from working loose. Ferrets never seem to tire of running through the hose. To make it more interesting, buy some round, plastic, four-inch diameter "Y" and "T" connections and connect several pieces of dryer tube to these using duct tape. You can make fairly complex "mazes" that will entertain a curious ferret for hours. Two or more ferrets will invent games based on these hoses and it will be as entertaining for you as for them. The heavy cardboard tubes that carpeting is rolled onto are great substitutes for dryer tubes, and do tend to last much longer.

16

If you have the space for it and an area that will allow for it, a sand box is a very entertaining play area for a ferret. They love to dig, and a sand box full of clean sand will satisfy their digging urge. Most will quickly learn all kinds of new "games" including "make-a -pattern," and "sand snorkeling." You can hide some of their smaller toys in the sand for them to find. They will sling the sand while digging, so this is not recommended for your living room.

There are special ferret balls that you might find in pet stores. One type is about a foot in diameter with a large hole on one side and a group of smaller holes on the other. Ferrets seem to love climbing inside and rolling it around. If there are two or more ferrets around, they’ll play "king of the ball," with the one inside trying to keep the others out. Be careful if the ball only has the one large hole. Your ferret can get inside and have the ball roll over and block the hole. If the ferret is too young to roll the ball off the hole, he could suffocate. If you do buy such a toy, even with the six smaller vet holes, drill several more holes all around the ball to ensure plenty of air flow. If you ever "lose" your ferret and can’t find him, and you do have one of these types of balls, be sure to check there. Your ferret could have climbed inside, rolled the ball up against some object, and is unable to get out.  A simple cardboard box will enchant a ferret for hours, especially if it has a lid on it. Just cut a ferret-sized hole in one side and watch the fun. When I made one for our ferrets, our red-eyed white male, Bear, ran inside it, then back out. He ferret-danced all over the room in shear joy before running back inside the box for another look. Then he ran off and   brought his friends to play in "his" new toy. Like most "kids," ferrets often enjoy playing with the box that the toy came in more than the toy itself. You can make a maze of smaller boxes with holes cut in various places, taped together such that some of the hole line up.  Ferrets love new things.

ADDING ANOTHER FERRET
The ferret should carry a warning label "Warning! Owning ferrets is addictive and may cause you to buy more." Even though all of our ferrets were altered, somehow they managed to multiply out of control. My wife and I started with one soon after they were legalized here in New Hampshire, and we now have 15. If we hadn’t started a shelter we probably would have many more than that by now.

Ferrets are not significantly territorial, but they do have a social order. Once accepted into the existing "colony," ferrets will share food, water and sleeping areas very readily. This acceptance may take minutes or weeks depending on the ages of the ferrets and how long they’ve been "alone."

Young kits seem to adapt the best to the addition of new ferret members. They seem to take everything in stride. As they get older, it may take a little longer. Your best bet is to take it slowly and supervised, but don’t be overprotective.

Remember, ferrets play rough. Don’t mistake rough play for fighting. Dragging by the neck or ears is probably OK. There may be squealing and chittering; that’s probably OK too.

17

too. Violent shaking and drawing blood is not. If you aren’t sure, separate the fighters and carry the one that appears to getting the worst of it a few feet away from the other. If, after you put him down, he runs over and leaps on the other, then it was probably just play. If he runs the other way, it’s time to separate them for a little while.

Keep them in separate cages during the introductory period and exchange bedding with one another so that they can get used to one another’s scent. One trick that works in some of the rare, more serious situations is to liberally coat the victim with Bitter Apple. You can spray it on directly, but be very careful of the eyes, nose and mouth. Better yet, spray it on your hands and rub it into the ferret’s coat. Be sure to cover the neck and ears as these are the most prone areas to "attack." Some owners report considerable success with introductions, by having all of the ferrets share a dish of Ferretone.

You may have to keep up this supervised play for days or even weeks until they decide just who is "boss" ferret. It’s usually more of a worry for the owner than the ferrets though.  Again, patience is the word.

FERRETS AND OTHER ANIMALS
Ferrets may get along with other animals, particularly with dogs and cats. Since the ferret ancestor evolved as a hunter of rodents, we don’t recommend hoping that your particular ferret no longer has his hunting instinct. Even if he doesn’t, ferrets play far rougher than what the typical rodent can tolerate. The same is true with birds and reptiles. Adding a ferret to a dog or cat home or visa-versa, is similar to adding a new ferret to a ferret home. Supervision and patience are the keys. Don’t leave them unsupervised for an instant until you are absolutely positive that they do get along with one another (and probably not even then). Be very cautious with cats. Many a ferret has been blinded by one swipe of a paw. Some ferrets have died when the family’s pet dog suddenly turned on the ferret after months of apparent friendship.

The ferret has no instinctive fear of either a dog or a cat and will usually walk right up to it and may even try to grab it by the neck/ear/tail and attempt to drag it off to hide under the couch (even if the dog happens to weigh over 100 lbs!). Many a dog or cat will take this in stride. Some take it as aggression. Hence, CAUTION. You might think that fish and a ferret would be compatible. That is true if you can keep the fish in the water and the ferret out. My daughter lost her pet goldfish to our ferret, Bud. Bud was absolutely fascinated by the fish which we kept "up out of harms way." My wife came in one day and found Bud, submerged in the fish bowl up to his shoulders, watching the fish go round and round. He raised his dripping head out of the water with an expression on his face "Hey, this is neat!" and dove back in again. The fish died a few days later; probably of fright.  My biggest concern with covered aquariums is the possibility of a ferret slipping under the cover and being unable to get back out.

18

FERRETS AND CHILDREN
We do not recommend ferrets in homes with children under six years old; sometimes not with children under eleven, because the ferret is a delicate animal who can be easily injured and crippled for life. Their back is particularly vulnerable to injury from an uncontrolled squeeze, hug or by improperly picking up or holding the ferret. The ferret is not a "cute, cuddly, stuffed toy." They cannot take the rough handling that all too often is doled out by a young child. Even if your child has been taught how to handle small animals with care, you can’t be sure that all of your child’s friends have been.

Infants are a particular problem. Some ferrets seem to be attracted by the high-pitched cries of babies. Others, always curious, will investigate all new furnishings, sounds and smells. An infant tends to grasp anything that is near it and attempt to "suck" on it. The pain of the grasp, and being drawn to the mouth will terrorize the small animal. The infant is likely to be scratched and even bitten by the frightened ferret as he tries to get away.  Another possibility is your ferret trying to drag the infant to his "den" to "protect it." Regardless of the reason, the result is an injured child and another story to add to the myth of the ferret as a vicious attacker of infants and children.  No one who is unable to protect themselves should ever be left alone with any animal -dog, cat, parrot, anything - at any time. It’s only common sense.

MYTHS
Speaking of myths, the ferret is the subject of a few. Here are the more common ones you are likely to hear. Some are amusing. Some will make your blood boil. "The ferret is a vicious animal." - Actually the ferret is one of the least likely of the companion animals to cause a serious injury. Bite statistics show that any given ferret is about 200 times less likely to bite than any given pet dog.

"The ferret is a rabies carrier." - The ferret is one of the least likely companion animals to catch or transmit the rabies virus. The IMRAB-3 rabies vaccine was only approved for the domestic ferret in 1990, yet since 1958 less than 25 cases of rabies in the ferret have been reported. Compare this number to the thousands of dogs, and thousands of cats that have been found carrying the rabies virus. The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta has said that there has never been a reported case of a ferret transferring rabies to a human or another animal.

"The ferret doesn’t have any backbone." - No, the ferret does have a backbone. He is just
remarkably flexible, allowing him to turn around in a very small space. Even though flexible, he can be injured through rough handling or a fall.

19

"The ferret is a rat [or rodent]." - No, the ferret is a carnivore (meat eater). One look at the structure of their teeth will show you that. They do not have the chisel-shaped front teeth characteristic of rodents. Their teeth resemble those of the cats. Ferrets are related to the weasel, and mink. Some ferret owners affectionately refer to their pets as "weasels." One person told me, "Ferret owners are the only people I know, who, if you call them a weasel, take it as a compliment."

HEALTH TIPS
The following is not meant to replace examination and treatment by a qualified veterinarian. This information is only intended to give the ferret owner tips on things to watch out for, and suggest some over the counter medications that the owner may wish to keep on hand should they be recommended by the veterinarian. Always consult your veterinarian at the first sign of illness or injury and follow his/her instructions carefully in the use of any medication.

What to look for in a vet for your ferret - The ferret owner should look for a veterinarian more carefully than they would for their personal or family physician. At least the physician has seen and worked with humans before they have set up their practice. Many veterinarians are not at all familiar with the ferret; the ferret being relatively new to the pet scene in many parts of the country.

Hopefully, if you look around your community and in neighboring communities you will find a veterinarian who has experience with the ferret and their special needs. You might ask the vet what his experience with ferrets is and how many s/he has treated over the past year.

If you have a choice in veterinarians, find out if the vet has an after-hours emergency service. Ferrets always seem to get sick or injured late at night, well after the normal vet hours. You don’t want look for a vet office that is open when your ferret’s life is on the line. Does the vet have reasonable office hours? A vet that is only at the local clinic once or twice a week may be fine for vaccinations and checkups, but what will you do during an emergency or illness when they are not there?

What about surgery? Compare rates of typical surgeries and treatments. You might be very surprised at the differences in charges, sometimes amounting to hundreds of dollars. Some vets charge a stiff premium for "exotic" animals, which a ferret is definitely not. Does the vet require that you sign a statement to the effect that, if your ferret bites someone during the treatment they will have the right to seize your ferret and have it tested (translate that as "killed and beheaded") for rabies? If so, run, don’t walk out the door and find another vet. It’s obvious that they are not really familiar with ferrets.

20

Finally, just observe how they act with your ferret. I’ve seen some vets and their assistants look positively uncomfortable holding or even being near a ferret. Also observe how your ferret reacts with the vet. Does he seem unusually uncomfortable or fearful?   Pick a vet for your ferret as if his life depends on it. It does.

Colds and Flu - The ferret is one of the few animals that can catch a human cold or flu virus. (Most vets say that ferrets don’t catch human colds. From firsthand experience, I believe that they do.) Conversely if he has a cold or flu, he can pass it on to humans. (Yes, firsthand experience there too.) If you have a cold or flu, try not to handle your ferret until you are well over your symptoms. If you must handle him, do not put him next to your face, or cough or sneeze directly on him. Wash your hands before handling the ferret. Do not allow anyone else who has a cold or flu to handle your ferret. The cold symptoms in a ferret are similar to those in a human - runny nose and sneezing. As long as the ferret is breathing properly see that he stays warm and gets plenty of liquids and food, and rest. If the congestion is heavy, a 1/4 cc of pediatric Sudafed or Benadryl, or similar product, may relieve some of the symptoms (check with your vet first.) If the symptoms persist for more than five days, or the ferret seems especially listless and does not eat or drink, or the ferret’s breathing becomes raspy, see your veterinarian at once. Colds are more serious in the ferret than in humans and can quickly develop into pneumonia.

Intestinal Blockage - I have previously mentioned the dangers of intestinal blockage in the ferret. If your ferret develops a persistent "cough" or choking that is not accompanied by a runny nose and watery eyes, or he begins vomiting, monitor his food intake and waste elimination closely. Put him in a separate cage with measured amounts of food and water, and a clean litterbox. If, after half of a day (and waiting that long is taking a chance), you find that your ferret has not eaten or eliminated, or if the stool is very thin and almost hairlike, rush him to a vet. Do so earlier if the ferret seems to be in pain and bloated. Some blockages move about in the stomach and only block the opening to the intestine intermittently, causing intermittent symptoms. An intestinal blockage is fatal if not treated in time, and it is an all too common cause of death. Evidence of blockages can often be found with a normal x-ray. Some substances are not detectable by x-ray alone and require that a barium liquid be forced into the ferret’s stomach. A series of x-rays is usually taken to watch the passage of the liquid, which will often coat the offending substance, making it visible. Surgery is nearly always required to remove the blockage.

Protruding Rectum - The normal ferret rectum should be flush with the skin. A slightly protruding rectum is not uncommon and may correct itself if the cause can be detected and corrected. Most often it is caused by a continued feeding of moistened food for too long of a time, or a prolonged period of straining during bowel movement, or some intestinal virus or parasite. If it does not clear up by itself in a few days, if the rectum is bleeding, or the protrusion is very pronounced, take your ferret to a veterinarian as soon as possible.

21

Falling - Many of the injuries suffered by ferrets are the result of a fall. Being extremely nearsighted, they can mistake a major height for a short jump. The results can be anything from sprains, to broken bones, to internal injuries. If your ferret has suffered a fall, examine him carefully. Obviously bent or disjointed limbs require immediate medical attention. If nothing is immediately obvious, observe his movements. If he limps or has trouble coordinating his back leg movements, seek medical attention immediately. If he seems normal, monitor his bowel movements. A tarry-looking stool is a sign of internal injuries and requires medical attention. Lethargy is also a sign of potential internal injury, as is abdominal tenderness.

Aspirin, a 1/8 tablet dose of a children’s aspirin, may be used to ease pain or reduce swelling from an injury. Administer this only on the advice of a veterinarian, however, as the aspirin may increase internal bleeding.

Sick Ferret/Diarrhea - Diarrhea in a ferret should always be treated aggressively. If your ferret stops eating and drinking for any length of time, it’s a sure sign of illness and worth a trip to the veterinarian. Pay particular attention to signs of dehydration which can quickly lead to death. Often this is due to a prolonged bout of diarrhea.   One quick check is to grasp the skin over the ferret’s neck and shoulder area as if you were going to pick him up by the scruff. Release the skin and it should quickly spring back into place. If it does not, this is a sign of severe dehydration and that you need to get your ferret to a veterinarian as quickly as possible.

In the case of diarrhea, and you cannot get to a vet right away, Pepto Bismol or Kaopectate, administered in 1/3 - 1 cc doses two to four times a day (check with your vet first), may control it until you can actually get your ferret to the vet. If the ferret reacts violently to the Pepto Bismol, particularly if he vomits, Kaopectate is a second choice. The animal will need plenty of liquids too, even if you have to trickle it into his mouth with a syringe or eyedropper. Pedialyte is recommended (unless the ferret is insulinomic), but water will do if you don’t have the pedialyte. (Be very careful he doesn’t inhale the liquid.

Place the syringe or eyedropper in the corner of his mouth, between the teeth and lips, then trickle in the liquid just fast enough for the ferret to "lap" it. Remember, diarrhea is life-threatening to an animal as small as a ferret. Get the ferret to a vet a soon as possible. If you are concerned that your ferret is not eating, first make sure he really is not eating. Confine him to his cage. Make sure the litterbox is freshly dipped and that there is a measured amount of food and water so that you can track both input and output carefully. You may find that your critter has a stash of food someplace and is chowing down regularly out of sight. 

One recipe that very often works to stimulate the appetite of a sick ferret is called Duck Soup, named in honor of a ferret named Lucky Duck, for whom the recipe was first concocted.

22

DUCK SOUP
1/2 cup of high quality, dry ferret food

1/8 cup (approximately - about equal to the volume of one regular ice cube) of Sustical or Ensure (or equivalent liquid, nondairy food supplement, found in most grocery and drug stores in 8 oz cans. Ferrets seem to like strawberry the best but any flavor except chocolate is fine. Pour the remaining supplement into an ice cube tray and freeze. After it’s frozen, the supplement "cubes" will keep for several weeks in a plastic bag in your freezer.)

1 1/2 inch ribbon of Nutrical/Nutristat (Nutristat is available at many pet shops. It is a high calorie food supplement used for many animals)

Ferretone/Linatone - 1/2 tsp. if desired.

Place the food in a blender. Add sufficient cold water to soften. Blend thoroughly. Add more water as necessary to make a stiff paste. Stir in the Nutrical/Nutristat, and Sustical. Add Ferretone/Linatone if desired. The mixture should be the consistency of a thin paste or thick soup. (You can add more water if necessary to make a very thin mixture if you have to force-feed the ferret with an eyedropper or syringe.) You must be careful that the ferret does not inhale the food. Use the same technique described for "dehydration," to feed him the Duck Soup.

Microwave for about 15 - 20 seconds, until warm.

Check the temperature before you begin feeding. It should be warm, not hot. Be sure to stir it well and make sure that there are no HOT spots. (I use my finger to stir it. That way I can be sure that there are no hot spots. If your ferret is suffering from insulinoma, leave out the Ensure/Sustical, and the Nutrical/Nutristat.

Feed the ferret all he will eat or that you can make him eat comfortably. (This should be about 5 - 15 cc, depending on the size of the ferret, at each feeding. Initially you may want to limit the "soup" to 2 cc at each feeding and feed more often. You may gradually increase the amount and cut down on the frequency. A typical adult ferret will require 100 - 110 cc of food a day and 90 - 100 cc of fluids. Your vet can tell you how much to feed at any one sitting and how much total he will need each day. Feed about every 2-4 hours, and give ample water or Pedialyte along with the Duck Soup. Cover and refrigerate any left over mixture. It will keep approximately one day. Microwave to rewarm. Remember to check the temperature of any microwaved portion carefully. Parts of the mixture may feel only warm but other parts may be HOT.

23

Most ferrets will eat Duck Soup eagerly. It’s high in fat; has protein from the ferret chow; and vitamins and minerals from the Sustical and Nutrical (or Nutristat), plus water.  Don’t make a steady diet of this after your ferret recovers. His regular food is best for long term nourishment.

ECE/Green Diarrhea - A new, very severe diarrhea began sweeping the country early in 1994. It is characterized by a bright green (sometimes brown or yellow), very liquid diarrhea. If the ferret is properly treated, fatalities are rare in young, normally healthy ferrets. In older ferrets, particularly those suffering from other illnesses, the death rate is higher.

Little is known about the cause of the disease. It is believed viral in nature and does not seem to require direct ferret to ferret contact to spread. It may be carried on clothing, shoes, and skin. The infection rate is high. ECE has been known to sweep though entire shelters. Some believe that a ferret, once infected and recovered, may act as a "carrier" of the virus for months afterward.

The disease itself attacks the intestine of the infected animal, largely destroying its ability to absorb food and water. Immediate and aggressive treatment is critical. The infected ferret should be syringe fed (if he won’t readily eat on his own) Duck Soup or similar food, and given copious amount of water or Pedialyte. You must do this about every three - four hours until the diarrhea is under control and the ferret is eating on his own. To prevent secondary infections, Amoxicillin and sulcrafate is often prescribed. Pepto Bismol or Kaopectate will control the diarrhea to some extent. The duration of the disease may be from a couple of weeks to over a month. In rare cases the stool remains "soft" for a year or longer.

It is very important to know that not all green diarrhea is The Green Diarrhea (ECE.) Most is not. The green color is simply a sign of the rapid passage of the food through the ferret’s gut. Many other illnesses, a change in food, stress (adding a new ferret or other pet to the family), even a change in drinking water may trigger bouts of a green diarrhea. The basic differences between these and ECE is the duration and the violence of the illness. Diarrhea from other causes will usually clear up with Pepto Bismol or Kaopectate, Amoxicillin or other antibiotic and sulcrafate within a few days. ECE will take considerably longer. Other diarrhea may be due to intestinal parasites such as giardia or coccidia. These require different medications. That’s why it is critical to see your vet when your ferret shows signs of persistent diarrhea. With aggressive treatment and care, your ferret will very likely recover and be his frisky self again.

Hair loss/Adrenal Tumors - Loss of hair may be due to many causes. Ferrets experience shedding twice a year. During this time it is not unusual for the ferret’s coat to appear rough and sparse, particularly on the tail. Sometimes the tail may become nearly bald from about halfway down its length to the tip and covered with black "dots." The dots are really blackheads and can be removed with a special acne cleaner containing benzoyl peroxide, available from your vet. Just shampoo the ferret with your usual ferret shampoo, but wash the tail with the benzoyl peroxide.

24

and let sit for 5-10 minutes. (A soft brush rubbed gently over the tail will help remove the blackheads.) Rinse very thoroughly. Repeat in about two weeks. (Some owners say that they’ve gotten good results by using Stridex Medicated Pads on the ferret’s tail every day for a week or so.) Once the blackheads are removed, the hair will generally grow back before the next shedding period - often within a month. Unusual and prolonged stress may often be a cause of a similar hair loss. Moving to a new home; the addition of a new (and unwelcome) ferret or other pet; the prolonged absence of a beloved owner, or even the stress of normal shedding may cause a temporary hair loss at the tip of the tail which spreads upward toward the middle. Relieving the source of the stress, (or the ending of the regular shedding period) usually clears up this type of hair loss.

If the hair loss is near the base of the tail and spreads up the flank, under the belly, and down the legs, it is likely that the hair loss is due to an adrenal tumor.  In these instances, a female ferret may (in about 75% of the cases) show an enlarged vulva as if she were in heat. The male ferret may show signs of rut, complete with sexual aggression toward other ferrets and a "marking" of his territory with urine. Hair loss is not always present with an adrenal tumor.

This disease is more dangerous in the male ferret than the female, although it does not seem to occur as frequently. In the male ferret, the adrenal tumor may cause the prostrate tissue to enlarge and close off the urethra, preventing urination. This can quickly lead to death. If you see him make frequent trips to the litterbox but with no production of urine, RUSH him to a vet immediately.

If you suspect an adrenal tumor in your ferret, male or female, it’s a good idea to get them to a vet as soon as possible. These tumors are not uncommon in ferrets and do   require surgery for their removal. Unless there is another complication, such as a heart condition or other illness, the ferret should recover from the operation in short order and the hair begin to grow back in a couple of months, or after the next shedding period. Their energy level rebounds rapidly and you’d never know by watching them play that they have a three - four inch incision down their abdomen.

Sometimes a young ferret will exhibit some the external symptoms of an adrenal tumor, but the swollen vulva in the female, and the sexual aggression in the male, will be due to an incomplete neuter/spay. A few cells may be missed during the neuter/spay process. These cells may migrate and attach themselves somewhere inside the ferret. There they will grow, and release hormones simulating the normal mating cycle. The male will become sexually aggressive toward any female ferrets; may proceed to "mark" his territory and generally exhibit all of the symptoms of a hob in rut. There are tests available requiring the drawing of blood, usually under an anesthetic. The blood must be sent to a lab, often taking several weeks before the results are known. Some vets prefer to skip the lab tests and operate, looking for either an adrenal tumor or "stray" cells. The latter are often difficult to find, but the condition, fortunately, is relatively rare.

25

Signs of an incomplete spay or neuter will show up during the first year of life. A ferret much older than one year with these signs is usually suffering from an adrenal tumor.   Ulcers - Prolonged stress (such as from adding a new ferret to an established ferret home) or changing foods, and/or an infection by helicobacter bacteria may eventually lead to a stomach ulcer. Symptoms are usually, but not always, a black tarry stool. Sometimes the pain of the ulcer may cause the ferret to grind his teeth. He may show loss of appetite and lethargy. Your vet will usually prescribe a combination of treatments. Sulcrafate, ground and made into a suspension in water, will coat and protect the raw stomach tissue.

Amoxicillin combined with Metronidazole will often be prescribed to kill the bacteria.   Pepto Bismol may also be suggested both to sooth the stomach and, due to the bismuth in it, help kill the helicobacter. Generally such treatment works best if continued for at least a month.

Fleas and Tics - fleas and even tics seem to be a normal part of summer in many parts of the country. They may come in on pant legs, other animals or perhaps be picked up by the ferret during a walk outside. A large flea infestation can, if left untreated, lead to anemia in a ferret. A high quality, kitten-safe, flea-spray such as Vet Chem,available from your veterinarian, is a good quick-fix for fleas. Begin at the neck then work down to the tail. Finally spray some on your hands and rub it thoroughly over the neck, head, ears, and muzzle. You will also have to treat the rugs, carpets and upholstered furniture to make sure you have all of the newly hatched fleas. A good preventive for fleas are the newer products such as Frontline or Advantage. Although not tested on ferrets they do seem to be safe and effective. I use Frontline spray at our shelter, simply spraying one squirt down the ferret’s back, then rubbing it in well until it drys. It is bath proof and is effective for at least a month.

Heartworm - Ferrets are susceptible to heartworm. The heartworm larva is transmitted by mosquito to the ferret. Once inside the ferret it migrates to the heart where it grows to the point that it interferes with the functioning of the heart. Treatment is very difficult, usually involving treatment with ivermectin and other drugs over at least a six month period. Survival from heartworm is estimated at about 50/50. I’ve had two successes at our shelter in treating heartworm infections.

During the mosquito season, in those parts of the country where heartworm is prevalent, the ferret should receive a monthly dose of a heartworm preventive, which is available through your veterinarian in several different forms. Some ferrets prefer the chewable tablet. Some will only take it if you mash up the pill form and mix it with Ferretone. Heartworm is much more easily prevented than cured.

Cardiomyopathy - Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart. It is usually seen only in older ferrets. The heart muscle becomes progressively weaker to the point that it can no longer efficiently pump. This results in the heart becoming enlarged and the tissue, thinner and weaker. As the heart expands it begins to put pressure on the nearby lungs, causing a persistent cough. Fluid may also build up in the chest cavity to the point that it has to be withdrawn by needle and syringe. A ferret that seems to tire quickly and has a chronic cough should be examined for this ailment. The earlier the treatment is started, the

26

greater the probability that the ferret will live a relatively longer life. Although not scientifically proven to be effective, some ferret owners believe that a combination of vitamin E (about 5 IU per kg) and coenzyme Q-10 about (0.3 mg per kg) once a day may help stabilize the condition. Never administer such supplements in place of prescribed medications, and never without approval from your vet.   Although the disease is usually progressive, its course can be slowed through the oral administration of diuretics.
 
Insulinoma - Insulinoma is a disease found more commonly in older ferrets; perhaps four years of age or older. It has been found, although more rarely, in younger ferrets. It is the result of tumors on the pancreas which causes over production of insulin, which in turn lowers the blood glucose to dangerous levels. Since glucose is the "food" of the cells and nerves of the body, the body begins to shut down.

Symptoms of insulinoma may include: lowered physical activity; bouts of "blank staring," staggering; convulsions; excessive salivation; and hind-end weakness. If your ferret exhibits these symptoms have your vet do a fasting glucose test. If your ferret is suffering from the more extremes of these symptoms (convulsions, staggering, etc.) dip a cotton swab in some Karo corn syrup, then rub it on your ferret’s gums. If your ferret "returns to normal" within a few moments it’s a sign that insulinoma is likely present. Prompt veterinary care is essential. Blindness and death are common.  Your vet will ask you to "fast" your ferret for about three hours (never more than four hours) before the visit, when a blood sample will be drawn. Generally, a blood glucose level of below 90 is indicative of insulinoma.

Surgery is sometimes the best, long term option. Older treatments called for surgical removal of the "nodules" on the pancreas. Newer treatments remove a portion of the pancreas (often about a third to a half of the organ) where the nodules are found. The vet can usually feel the nodules in the exposed gland. After recovery, your ferret should have another blood test scheduled in about one month, then every three - six months afterward. Another option, if your ferret is not a good candidate for surgery, is medication such as prednisone or proglycem. While these are not curative, they will relieve the symptoms for a time.   Never give sugary treats to a ferret having insulinoma. This includes  raisins, fruit, honey, and treats containing sugar (including fructose, glucose, and other natural sugars.)

Hidden Dangers - Because ferrets are so curious, they often find themselves in situations that are life threatening. The empty cardboard tubes from toilet paper and paper towels are just large enough for the ferret to get his head stuck inside. If you aren’t around to remove it, the ferret will panic; often to the point of severely lacerating his

27

tongue, or rupturing his larynx. Take a few seconds to tear such tubes lengthwise before discarding them. Be cautious of anything that is just big enough for a ferret’s head to squeeze into. Be very cautious of wide mouth bottles when discarding them.   Ferrets like to "tunnel" under things. Throw rugs or small area rugs are great places to play, until someone steps on the rug. Be very cautious where you step. A ferret makes a small "bump" under a rug that is very difficult to see. A similar danger exists for couch and sofa cushions although here the danger is sitting rather than stepping on the burrowing critter.

When you open your refrigerator, make sure your ever-curious ferret has not decided to climb inside to see what’s new. The same goes for washers, dryers, and particularly dishwashers. (Dishwasher detergent is highly caustic. Even the residue sometimes left behind will quickly kill a curious ferret if they ingest even a tiny amount.) When you do laundry, make sure that the dirty clothes do not include a sleeping ferret. Before you start your dishwasher, check to see that your ferret hasn’t climbed inside. I’ve pulled ours out many times over the years.

Lost Ferret - To a curious ferret, the door to the outside is just another door to another room. Given even half a chance he will dart out between your legs without you ever seeing him. Once out, he will go into his "explore mode," quickly become lost, and starve if he is not found soon.

First, if you can’t find your ferret, check the home thoroughly again. We "lose" at least one ferret a day and I often end up combing the neighborhood only to find that he had decided to take a nap in some strange, never before visited place in the house, right under our noses.  If he is lost, contact the police, animal control officer, and local shelters. It pays to advertise too. Put an ad in the local newspapers and place posters around the neighborhood - particularly where children are likely to congregate (schools, clubs, playgrounds, ball fields). If ferrets are not common in your area, be sure to include a picture of your ferret on the poster. For an offer of a reward, you can recruit a medium sized army of children. Ferrets have been found several miles from home, so don’t necessarily restrict your posters to the block where you live. If you can, place his cage and bedding, with food and water, outside. He might just stumble on his own scent and find his way back home. You may just be fortunate to look inside the cage and find your wayward pet looking back at you wondering where you’ve been.

Deaf Ferret - Deafness is not a major problem for ferrets. It’s not that there aren’t many deaf ferrets, it’s just that they don’t use their hearing very much anyway. It is sometimes years before some ferret owners even notice that their ferret is hearing impaired. (After all, it doesn’t seem to make much of a difference whether the ferret can hear you or not when you tell him "No.") Ferrets with a white stripe running down the middle of his head and ferrets with all white heads sometimes carry this as a genetic defect. If you suspect that your ferret may be deaf, try squeaking a toy behind his back and see

28

if he responds. Try this several times just to make sure. He may hear you just fine but is trying to ignore you. If he doesn’t respond after several tries, though, he is likely deaf. All that really means is that you should at least try to give your ferret some warning before you pick him up so that he doesn’t think it’s about to be carried off for a snack by some bird of prey. Make sure he sees you hand first, or slap the floor several times (he can feel the vibrations) so that he turns around and sees you before you pick him up. Blind Ferret - Blindness in a ferret is usually more traumatic to the owner than the ferret. Ferrets are very nearsighted to begin with. One with normal sight is not at a very great advantage over one that is totally blind. Unless the cause of the blindness is obvious, such as from cataracts, the owner may not even notice it.

Ferrets get by quite well with just their memory and keen sense of smell. As long as you don’t rearrange the furniture too often, a blind ferret will get by quite well. To be polite, however, you should announce yourself to the blind ferret before you pick him up.

We had one blind, three-legged ferret in our shelter that we adopted to a family with two "normal" ferrets. They told us that for the first week or so, the two sighted ferrets would guide the blind one all over the house; one in the front; one following behind. These two showed the new family member: all the great hidy-holes; where the litterboxes were placed; and where the toys were kept. After that, she would often beat the other two to where ever they were heading. One of her favorite games became hiding in an overturned wicker umbrella stand; leaping out and capturing one of the other ferrets as he walked by; and dragging him into the umbrella stand. Whether by vibration or smell, she could always tell when the other ferret was within reach of her lair.

FINALLY
I have attempted to answer most of the questions asked by the first-time ferret owner and even many questions asked by the more experienced owner. If some of the material seems negative, it was not intentionally so. Questions asked are usually relative to the "problems" sometimes experienced with a new type of pet. The domestic ferret is a "new" pet on the scene in the United States and there is much for the new ferret owner to learn. I think you will find that you will be very happy with your choice of a pet, and that you will grow to love your ferret and be loved by it more than any other pet you have ever owned.

29

If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. That’s what we’re here for.